{"id":27330,"date":"2021-10-28T12:51:18","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T10:51:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thecryptowolf.net\/2021\/10\/28\/texas-republicans-want-to-make-the-state-the-center-of-the-cryptocurrency-universe\/"},"modified":"2021-10-28T12:51:18","modified_gmt":"2021-10-28T10:51:18","slug":"texas-republicans-want-to-make-the-state-the-center-of-the-cryptocurrency-universe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thecryptowolf.net\/2021\/10\/28\/texas-republicans-want-to-make-the-state-the-center-of-the-cryptocurrency-universe\/","title":{"rendered":"Texas Republicans want to make the state the center of the cryptocurrency universe"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Texas<\/div>

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Sign up for The Brief<\/a>, our daily newsletter that keeps readers up to speed on the most essential Texas news.<\/em><\/p>\n

ROCKDALE \u2014 Late last decade, the town of Rockdale appeared on the verge of economic ruin. The Alcoa aluminum plant there, which provided nearly 1,000 jobs, closed in 2008. The Luminant coal-fueled power plant shut down in 2017.<\/p>\n

But now a new industry has come to the town of about 5,300.<\/p>\n

North America\u2019s largest bitcoin mine \u2014 owned and operated by Whinstone U.S. \u2014 sits just down the road from the old aluminum plant, about 60 miles northeast of Austin. The facility, which has added about 145 jobs, hasn\u2019t fully filled the void created by Alcoa. But Whinstone U.S., which is owned by Riot Blockchain, is fast working to become a staple of the community: It helped rebuild the local dog shelter. It installed lights at the high school softball and football fields. It bought the town\u2019s 32-foot-tall Christmas tree. Rockdale Mayor John King noted the company funds livestreaming for the high school sports events and donates fireworks for graduation.<\/p>\n

Expansion plans are in the works to more than double the plant\u2019s capacity and make it the biggest bitcoin mining facility in the world, according to Whinstone U.S. CEO Chad Everett Harris.<\/p>\n

The city has found itself at the center of Texas\u2019 ambitions. In recent years, Texas has rapidly drawn more and more in the cryptocurrency industry as state and federal lawmakers try to lay the groundwork for a blockchain technology explosion. Industry leaders say they are drawn to the state\u2019s cheap energy and aversion to regulation.<\/p>\n

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\n Lyle Theriot, chief operating officer at Whinstone’s Rockdale facility, leads a tour on Friday.
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\n Credit:<\/span><\/svg><\/span>
\n Michael Gonzalez\/The Texas Tribune
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\u201cI would like to see Texas become the center of the universe for bitcoin and crypto,\u201d U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz<\/a>, R-Texas, said at the Texas Blockchain Summit, where 700 attendees, according to organizers, met in Austin on Oct. 8. There, Republican politicians made the case for the industry alongside a lineup full of entrepreneurs and researchers.<\/p>\n

The budding industry has its doubters. Skeptics worry about the massive amounts of energy required to mine bitcoin, which has spurred both environmental concerns and fears about the strain it could affect Texas\u2019 already fragile power grid<\/a>.<\/p>\n

And the growth in Rockdale has come in fits and starts. In 2018, a Chinese company that designs specialized computers for cryptocurrency mining promised<\/a> hundreds of jobs and a $500 million investment into the shuttered Alcoa smelter.<\/p>\n

By the end of 2018, with the price of bitcoin falling, those plans weren\u2019t fully realized.<\/p>\n

But Texas leaders are pressing forward. Just last week, Gov. Greg Abbott<\/a> met with the Texas Blockchain Council. He tweeted<\/a> afterward that the state soon \u201cwill be #1 for blockchain & cryptocurrency.\u201d<\/p>\n

A “very natural synergy”<\/h2>\n

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that can be used to buy certain products and services without an intermediary like a bank.<\/p>\n

Bitcoin is largely considered the first decentralized, peer-to-peer payment network powered by its users, though many cryptocurrencies exist. Its worth isn\u2019t backed by any government, but transactions are tracked on a public ledger.<\/p>\n

While it can be used in certain retail situations, many people are using it as an investment. Still volatile, the price of bitcoin increased<\/a> over the last year from $11,500 per coin to a record high of $66,000 just last week before dropping back below $60,000.<\/p>\n

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\n The “heat aisle” at Whinstone’s Rockdale facility where heat generated by computers escapes the building.
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\n Credit:<\/span><\/svg><\/span>
\n Michael Gonzalez\/The Texas Tribune
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Most people buy bitcoin on public exchanges. But new blocks of bitcoins are released every 10 minutes, and miners compete to obtain them through a process by which they solve complex math problems to validate transactions. Those processes occur on blockchains, a public series of decentralized, anonymous blocks where the details get recorded. The more computers a miner has competing in the process, the more bitcoins they can acquire, which makes mining an energy-intensive process.<\/p>\n

Whinstone U.S. hosts over 25,000 miners<\/a>, or computers programmed to mine bitcoin. Power runs through large transformers connected to those buildings, where miners line racks upon racks. On the other side of those racks, an evaporative cooling wall pulls ambient air and coolant, dissipating the hot air emitted by the computers like a chimney.<\/p>\n

To Texas Republicans and entrepreneurs, Texas and cryptocurrencies are a perfect pair. There is a \u201cvery natural synergy,\u201d Cruz said, between blockchain and the state\u2019s ethos, which he described as \u201cgive me a horse and a gun and an open flame, and I can conquer the world.\u201d<\/p>\n

Texas, he added, \u201clionizes\u201d entrepreneurs. The state\u2019s anti-regulatory laws appeal to the industry, which values privacy. The cryptocurrency community, Cruz argued, is built on \u201cindividual freedom, individual responsibility\u201d and a lack of government dependence.<\/p>\n

“We came here because of power and the deregulated market,\u201d Harris said. \u201cWe knew power was a competitive component. And we knew at large scale, we could get power at a lower price.\u201d<\/p>\n

This year, the Texas Legislature this year took several steps toward growing the industry here.<\/p>\n

HB 4474<\/a> recognized cryptocurrency in the state\u2019s Uniform Commercial Code in an effort to set standards that clarify the rights of people who control the currency and make it possible to resolve disputes over ownership. The measure made Texas the third state to amend the laws regulating financial transactions as such. HB 1576<\/a> established a 16-member working group that will recommend policies relating to blockchain matters. Abbott signed both bills into law in June.<\/p>\n

Energy, environment and market volatility<\/h2>\n

China \u2014 where about two-thirds of the country\u2019s electricity<\/a> comes from coal \u2014 has long been the world leader in bitcoin mining. But the government there has recently cracked down on those efforts, in part due to concerns about the industry\u2019s impact on climate change<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Texas state leaders have shared few, if any, such concerns.<\/p>\n

The Whinstone U.S. mine has a capacity of 300 megawatts \u2014 one megawatt is enough electricity<\/a> to power 400-900 homes in a year \u2014 and hopes to reach a maximum capacity of 750 megawatts upon expansion. For politicians like Cruz, Texas\u2019 abundance of energy makes it fertile ground for an industry where bitcoin mining alone uses about as much energy annually as the Netherlands<\/a>, according to the Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor bitcoin, you need a lot of energy,\u201d Cruz said at the summit. \u201cIf there\u2019s one thing Texas has in large amounts, if there\u2019s one thing Texas knows about, deeply, it is energy.”<\/p>\n

But Texas saw its power grid overloaded during a deadly winter storm earlier this year, raising questions about whether the grid can handle major growth in such an energy-intensive industry.<\/p>\n

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\n Power lines outside of Whinstone’s Rockdale facility.
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\n Credit:<\/span><\/svg><\/span>
\n Michael Gonzalez\/The Texas Tribune
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Industry advocates describe a symbiotic relationship between bitcoin miners and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, the state\u2019s grid operator. They suggest the proliferation of blockchain technology would help stabilize a Texas power grid that has increasingly come under fire for failures during a storm that left an estimated 70% of Texans without power for an average of 42 hours<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The increased demand brought by mining could incentivize new sources of power to come online, they say. Bitcoin mining is not continuous, said Lee Bratcher, president of the Texas Blockchain Council. The mines can be turned off at times of high strain on the grid \u2014 and ERCOT actually pays bitcoin mining companies to cease activities in these moments. That unused power from their base load demand is then pushed back into the grid, Bratcher added.<\/p>\n

\u201cBitcoin mining is a load that will purchase energy 24\/7. However, it is unique in that it has the flexibility to turn off in high-demand hours,\u201d Riot Blockchain CEO Jason Les said. \u201cAnd by participating in the grid with different services for large loads in the grid, we help stabilize that grid as well.\u201d<\/p>\n

Josh Rhodes, a research associate<\/a> at the University of Texas at Austin who has consulted for a bitcoin mining company, said flexibility is key. If cryptocurrency mines are willing to reduce their energy demand during times of great stress on the grid, then he said they could have a beneficial impact on the grid\u2019s reliability.<\/p>\n

Harris, the Whinstone U.S. CEO, said his company can be considered a \u201cvirtual power plant\u201d that puts energy back into the grid during times of high demand. The company has even turned its usage off at times when it would have been more economical to continue mining. Why? Because for a heavy user of electricity like Whinstone U.S., he said, grid stability is incredibly important.<\/p>\n

The industry\u2019s extensive energy usage also brings environmental concerns. The advocacy group Environment Texas has opposed politicians\u2019 efforts to promote the industry, both for power capacity concerns and because of the emissions created by producing power to sustain the miners.<\/p>\n

Executive Director Luke Metzger noted that some industry advocates suggest they will put their companies in areas with surplus renewable energy. But, Metzger said, such excess renewable energy doesn\u2019t exist in Texas.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re very concerned about the environmental impacts of just adding such an energy intensive industry that could be taking up energy that could be used for more important purposes,\u201d Metzger said.<\/p>\n

Metzger also expressed concerns around electronic waste for an industry that relies so heavily on computing equipment.<\/p>\n

Even Tesla CEO Elon Musk \u2014 a bitcoin advocate who drew applause at the summit after Cruz toasted Tesla\u2019s recent announcement that it will move its headquarters to Austin \u2014 has had reservations. In May, Musk announced<\/a> Tesla had halted purchases of its vehicles with bitcoin, citing concerns around the fossil fuels used to mine it.<\/p>\n

Bratcher suggested Texas\u2019 greener energy options make mining in the state more sustainable than in China. While he said he is cognizant of the environmental impact, he said that bitcoin mining in Texas relies 30% on renewable energy. Twenty percent of the state\u2019s energy comes from wind power<\/a>. Less than 15% of bitcoin mining in the state uses coal, he added.<\/p>\n

But those numbers aren\u2019t good enough, according to Benjamin A. Jones, a University of New Mexico economics professor who has researched cryptocurrency mining\u2019s environmental impact. He pointed to a September 2020 University of Cambridge study<\/a>, which estimated 39% of mining is powered by renewable energy. Jones said that figure would put Texas below the global average when it comes to renewable mining. Coal and natural gas account for 38% and 36% of power sources, respectively.<\/p>\n

His own research<\/a>, he said, found \u201cvery high\u201d environmental and climate damages associated with mining operations at 20% to 30% renewable energy usage.<\/p>\n

Looking ahead<\/h2>\n

Industry leaders are set on transforming the political landscape for blockchain technology.<\/p>\n

At the Oct. 8 summit in Austin, David Zell, head of policy and public affairs at Bitcoin Magazine, announced the launching of a super PAC dedicated to swaying public opinion on cryptocurrency.<\/p>\n

\u201cBitcoin has a narrative problem,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Bratcher shared plans for a future amendment to the Texas Constitution that would allow Texans to pay property taxes in bitcoin. State Reps. Tan Parker<\/a> and Gio Capriglione<\/a>, both Republicans, endorsed the idea in a conversation with Bratcher at the summit.<\/p>\n

At the summit, lawmakers and advocates even explored the idea of using blockchain technology beyond the world of finance. In addition to being used for property taxes, the technology could help secure health care records and even protect elections, they said.<\/p>\n

“You guys are pioneers on the front lines of an extraordinarily bright new future,\u201d Parker told the audience. \u201cWhen you think about the transformational impact of the internet from 20-25 years ago, I think blockchain will have a greater impact.”<\/p>\n

In Rockdale, the impact has brought \u201ca lot of interest in our community,\u201d King, the mayor, said. In addition to the local labor the companies use, King said the international publicity they\u2019ve brought now has other companies considering locating there.<\/p>\n

\u201cThey’ve all been good neighbors from that standpoint,\u201d King said. \u201cThey haven’t had [a] real negative impact at all. If anything, it’s been positive.\u201d<\/p>\n

Disclosure: The University of Texas at Austin has been a financial supporter of The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization that is funded in part by donations from members, foundations and corporate sponsors. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune\u2019s journalism. Find a complete list of them here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n